Assessing Credit Card Disclosures

Back in 2006 while I was working at UserWorks, the Government Accountability Office asked us to assess whether there were any inherent usability problems with credit card disclosures. These are the documents card issuers use to get you to apply for a credit card and explain the terms once you’ve signed up. There were, as you can imagine, serious usability issues. But the interesting thing about this project was that we used three different methods to identify the issues: readability formulas, an expert review using plain language guidelines and a usability test.

Later that year the GAO took the usability report, along with four other research efforts, and wrote a combined report CREDIT CARDS: Increased Complexity in Rates and Fees Heightens Need for More Effective Disclosures to Consumers (pdf) to the Senate subcommittee.

Fast forward to 2009. The Federal Reserve has passed new regulations banning certain practices. Congress has passed the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility and Disclosure Act (or Credit CARD Act) of 2009 which institutes a whole host of consumer protections, including banning universal default — where paying late on other bills can make your credit card rate go up — and double-cycle billing — which effectively eliminates the grace period for people who paid off a balance in the previous month.

I gave the presentation, Using Multiple Methods to Assess the Usability of Credit Card Disclosures, at the Plain Language Association International (PLAIN) Conference 2009 in Sydney, Australia. And a big thanks to the Plain Language Foundation for sponsoring my presentation. If not for the foundation, I wouldn’t have been able to attend.

If this presentation looks at all familiar, I used an earlier version of it at UPA-DC’s User Focus Conference in 2006.

Have you used multiple methods to assess the usability of an interface? What methods did you use? And how did that work out for you?

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Travel Sites Use “Click Here” More Now Than in 2007

Back in September, 2007, Alex Bainbridge wrote a post called The “Click here” canary where he analyzed the use of “click here” on several UK travel sites. He found that on the sites he reviewed, 1.71% of all pages used “click here” as link text.

His hypothesis was that websites that are better managed–and are better optimized for search engines–will not be using “click here” for links. What he found was that the newer, web-only companies tended to avoid “click here”. Older, traditional companies tended to rely on it more. So the use of “click here” said something about the sites using it. Thus the canary-in-a-coal-mine metaphor.

I thought it would be interesting to see whether, two years later, the matured sites would demonstrate a lower use of “click here”. I used the same methodology he did:

  • Pages that used ”click here” at least once counted by running a search using allintext: “click here” site:domain.com
  • Total pages for a website were calculated by searching site:domain.com

Here’s what I found:

2007 2009
Website # Pages w/ click here Total pages % Pages w/ click here # Pages w/ click here Total pages % Pages w/ click here
LateRooms.com 43 819,000 0.01% 538 175,000 0.31%
TravelRepublic.co.uk 3 31,000 0.01% 8,330 11,700 71.20%
OnTheBeach.com 2 16,900 0.01% 0 685 0.00%
Kayak 137 206,000 0.07% 2,950 2,550,000 0.12%
Wayn.com 260 308,000 0.08% 305 1,720,000 0.02%
eBookers.com 100 56,000 0.18% 3,670 158,000 2.32%
Priceline 2,790 651,000 0.43% 1,290 580,000 0.22%
Expedia.co.uk 1,300 274,000 0.47% 17,900 378,000 4.74%
Thomson.co.uk 62 12,400 0.50% 154 21,800 0.71%
boo.com 1,840 302,000 0.61% 333 42,800 0.78%
Easyjet.com 23 3,610 0.64% 120 11,000 1.09%
ThomasCook.com 159 19,900 0.80% 504 13,500 3.73%
Lastminute.com 13,500 1,620,000 0.83% 24,900 356,000 6.99%
VisitBritain.com 3,860 376,000 1.03% 627 57,300 1.09%
Opodo.co.uk 449 19,700 2.28% 1,540 49,200 3.13%
Travelocity.com 10,400 346,000 3.01% 25,600 1,030,000 2.49%
TravelSupermarket.com 294 9,000 3.27% 498 7,580 6.57%
FlyBmi.com 149 2,640 5.64% 829 39,300 2.11%
Virgin-Atlantic.com 61 1,060 5.75% 210 6,660 3.15%
XL.com 58 859 6.75% 1 2,700 0.04%
Hilton.com 18,600 172,000 10.81% 77,300 516,000 14.98%
Orbitz.com 21,800 110,000 19.82% 16,100 134,000 12.01%
MyTravel.com 2,980 10,500 28.38% 63,800 147,000 43.40%
NationalRail (UK) 3,180 10,200 31.18% 153 37,900 0.40%
firstchoice.co.uk 408 1,240 32.90% 168 3,280 5.12%
Ryanair.com 9,720 15,500 62.71% 2,230 20,900 10.67%
TOTAL 92,178 5,394,509 1.71% 250,050 8,070,305 3.10%

So some of the worst offenders in 2007 have improved. But many of the sites that didn’t use “click here” as a consistent strategy in 2007 apparently do now. I’m so disappointed in you, TravelRepublic.co.uk. What happened? Why did you go from using “click here” on 3 pages in 2007 to 8,330 today?

If you add it all together, these travel sites used “click here” on 1.71% of their pages in 2007 and on 3.10% in 2009: an 81% increase.

I’m not familiar with many of these sites, so I can’t say whether Alex’s original hypothesis about web-only companies avoiding the use of “click here”. Some of the larger sites–Hilton (14.98%), Orbitz (12.01%), MyTravel (43.40%)–use it a lot. But the largest sites–Kayak (0.12%), Wayn (0.02%), Travelocity (2.49%)–use it, just not as much.

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Click Here for More Information

By now you’d think everyone who posts content to the Web would know that using “click here” as link text:

  • is real missed opportunity for search engine rankings, since anchor text can have a strong impact on your ranking.
  • is sort of rude for people who don’t actually click (because they use a keyboard instead of a mouse to navigate).
  • is a real impediment to accessibility
  • is useless out of context because it doesn’t tell users what the destination page will be.
  • slows users down.
  • is a big mistake, according to Jakob.

But it’s still in use. Almost everywhere you go. Why is that? Why do people still use the phrase “click here” for link text?

When I’m describing a web page out loud, I’ll sometimes find myself using the phrase, “‘click here’ for more information”. So it’s something that my brain seems to fall back on, AND I KNOW BETTER. Here’s why I think this stupid phrase is still in use.

Writing for the Web isn’t second nature

Writing has traditionally been a narrative affair: you start at the beginning and finish at the end. You expect your readers to do the same. But writing hypertext is a very different thing. Links allow readers to meander around, starting in one place and finishing somewhere else. But who writes like that? Other than maybe Michael Joyce?

In my opinion, using “click here” is evidence that a writer isn’t quite yet comfortable switching between narrative and hypertext forms. Perhaps the act of sprinkling some links throughout is no more than an acknowledgment that this is the Web and, well, you’re supposed to do that sort of thing here. Having to actually think about appropriate link text and destination pages turns you from a writer into something more: a curator or docent. Think about it, with hypertext, you’re not simply communicating about the subject at hand, you’re also directing the user to things you think they should also be aware of. So the site is less of “here’s what we have, knock yourself out” and more of “here, let me give you a hand with that.”

So maybe the continued use of “click here” isn’t just the writer’s lack of understanding that you’re missing out on usability, accessibility, and improved search engine rankings (although it certainly is that); it may be, I believe, a symptom of the writer’s discomfort with the medium of the Web itself.

It’s a place holder

Think about it. When you’re writing, you’re probably focused on the content of the current page. You may be thinking about other stuff to link to, but maybe you haven’t gotten as far as identifying the specific page that stuff is on. Good link text allows the reader to predict the content of the destination page. If you don’t know what page you’ll be linking to, “click here” can function as sort of a place holder. The problem is, “link text tba” pretty much announces that you have unfinished business in a way that “click here” doesn’t.

You think your users are idiots

Okay, maybe that’s a bit harsh. Maybe you think your users are novices, and they need help identifying where to go. And they do. But “click here” doesn’t tell them where to go, it tells them how to go. And really, does anyone need that kind of advice?

You read a study that said it was okay to use

The hell you did.

There’s a Marketing Sherpa study (Simple Word Change in Email Hyperlink Raises Clicks 8.53%) which demonstrated that changing link text from the rather vague “continue here …”  improved the click-through rate. Several articles have cited this study as evidence that not only is “click here” a valid choice, it’s actually a best practice. Wanna know the changes they tested for the study?

  • “Click to continue”, which showed an 8.53% increase
  • “Continue to article”, a 3.3% increase
  • “Read more”, a 1.8% decrease

Notice that “click here” was not one of the tested phrases. So to say this study validates its use is just silly. Besides that, “continue here …” is such an awful choice for link text, I venture to say that ANY change would have been an improvement. (Except, obviously, for “read more”.)

What they should have done was to test link text that actually described the destination page, something like the title of the actual article. That would have put this debate to bed real quick.

Some people think “click here” works because it’s a call to action. But “click here” isn’t the call to action, the link is. Sure, if “click here” is tacked on at the end of your sentence introducing your registration form, users will probably click on it. But I’ll bet it took them more time to find what they wanted than if you had used “registration form” as your link text, because they had to read the whole sentence, not just the link. You could have used “zombies” as the link text, and in the absence of anything else, some users will probably have found the registration form. Eventually. But do you really want to make people work so hard to get there?

The Let’s-Make-a-Deal effect

It certainly isn’t outside the realm of possibility that you might see improved click-through rates by using a phrase like “read more” or “click here”. Who doesn’t love a mystery? But if you treat your users like contestants, they might not be your users for long if they don’t win (or find what they were looking for.)

All the cool kids are doing it

As long as popular sites like Amazon and Orbitz litter their sites with “click here”, people are going to think it’s okay to use. There’s a lot to be said for adopting Web conventions. After all, you want people to actually use your site, not spend a lot of time figuring out how to use it. But there are enough compelling reasons to avoid using “click here” that I think it’s time to retire this phrase, convention or not. So c’mon guys, cut it out.

Why do you think “click here” is so widespread? Do you still use it, even though you know better? And why is it so hard to stop?

(Thanks to @stellargirl for getting me to think about this topic in the first place.)

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